NUMBERED FOOTNOTES

•  Notes should be numbered consecutively, beginning with 1, throughout the essay. e.g. "Rome's slave workers came from all over Europe, Africa and the Middle East."

•  Footnotes are placed after the final punctuation mark and are indicated by a smaller raised number (Go to insert footnote) e.g. "Many slaves worked in private homes, doing the shopping, cooking and cleaning."

•  The first reference to a book MUST give ALL the information necessary to identify it. this means the footnote should give the same information as is given in the Bibliography. IN ADDITION, the page number is given to enable the reader to quickly locate the reference.

•  The second and subsequent references to a resource need not be as detailed as the first. We use the abbreviated Latin phrases: ibid. and op. cit.

•  ibid. (short for ibidem - meaning in the same work) is used when a quote comes from the same source as the IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING footnote and on the same page.

"In many Roman homes, slaves were treated kindly, and sometimes the children of a trusted slave were brought up as companions for their master's children."

•  ibid. can also be used when a quote comes from the same source as the IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING footnote, but if it comes from a different page, the page number must be added. e. g.

"...almost all farmworkers were slaves..."

•  op.cit. (opere citato meaning in the work cited) is a shortcut used when a resource already cited is quoted again, but IS NOT the immediately preceding one.

"A wealthy Roman might keep up to 100 slaves in his town house."

Williams, B. Ancient Roman jobs . Oxford, Heinemann. 2002 p.10

Chandler, F. The Usborne Encyclopedia of the Roman World. London, Usborne. 2001 p.49

ibid. (quote comes from same book as above AND on same page)

ibid., p.54 (quote comes from same book BUT from DIFFERENT page)

Williams, B. op.cit. p.11